Impacts of Humanized Mouse Models on the Investigation of HIV-1 Infection: Illuminating the Roles of Viral Accessory Proteins in Vivo

Impacts of Humanized Mouse Models on the Investigation of HIV-1 Infection: Illuminating the Roles of Viral Accessory Proteins in Vivo

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes four accessory genes: vif, vpu, vpr, and nef.Recent investigations using in vitro cell culture systems have shed light on the roles of these HIV-1 accessory proteins, Vif, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef, in counteracting, modulating, and evading various cellular factors that are responsible for anti-HIV-1 intrinsic immunity.However, since humans are the exclusive target for HIV-1 infection, conventional animal models are incapable UVA URSI (BEARBERRY) LVS of mimicking the dynamics of HIV-1 infection in vivo.Moreover, the effects of HIV-1 accessory proteins on viral infection in vivo remain unclear.To elucidate the roles of HIV-1 accessory proteins in the dynamics of viral infection in Set of 4 Mugs vivo, humanized mouse models, in which the mice are xenotransplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells, has been utilized.

This review describes the current knowledge of the roles of HIV-1 accessory proteins in viral infection, replication, and pathogenicity in vivo, which are revealed by the studies using humanized mouse models.